Integration testing in dotnet core(C#) without mocking
How to write integration tests in .NET Core without mocking, using EF Core in-memory database and xUnit.
Kubernetes StatefulSets vs Deployments: When to Use Each
Deployments are the go-to workload type for stateless applications. StatefulSets are designed for stateful workloads that require stable identities, ordered ...
Kubernetes Resource Requests and Limits: Getting Them Right
Resource requests and limits are among the most misunderstood Kubernetes settings. Wrong values lead to OOM kills, CPU throttling, poor scheduling decisions,...
Kubernetes RBAC: Least Privilege in Practice
Kubernetes RBAC controls who can perform what actions on which resources. Misconfigured RBAC is one of the most common Kubernetes security issues — overly pe...
Kubernetes Network Policies in Practice
By default, every pod in Kubernetes can communicate with every other pod. Network Policies restrict that communication. They are the primary mechanism for mi...
API Versioning Strategies (URI vs Header vs Media Type)
Versioning is unavoidable once multiple clients depend on your API. A durable strategy must preserve backward compatibility, enable safe rollouts, and suppor...
Kubernetes HPA and VPA: Autoscaling in Practice
Kubernetes provides two autoscaling mechanisms: Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) scales the number of pod replicas based on metrics; Vertical Pod Autoscaler (...
Kubernetes CRDs and Operators: Extending the Control Plane
Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs) let you add your own resource types to the Kubernetes API. Operators combine CRDs with controllers that watch t...
Kubernetes Admission Controllers: Enforcing Policy at Admission Time
Admission controllers intercept API server requests after authentication and authorization, but before persistence. They can mutate objects (add labels, inje...
Linux Networking Stack Internals for Backend Engineers
Every network call your application makes passes through the Linux networking stack. Knowing how it works helps you understand TCP tuning, diagnose ETIMEDOUT...
Memory Management in Linux: Virtual Memory, Pages, and Swap
Understanding Linux memory management helps diagnose OOM kills, tune JVM heap settings, interpret top and free output correctly, and set sensible container m...
File Descriptors and I/O in Linux: What Every Backend Engineer Should Know
Every network connection, open file, pipe, and socket in Linux is represented as a file descriptor. Understanding file descriptors, the kernel's I/O models, ...
Unix Signals and Graceful Shutdown Patterns
When Kubernetes terminates a pod, or a user presses Ctrl+C, the OS sends a signal to your process. How your application responds determines whether in-flight...
API Gateway vs Service Mesh — When to Use What
API gateways and service meshes solve different problems, but both sit in the request path. The gateway is for north-south traffic, while the mesh manages ea...
Linux Namespaces and cgroups: How Containers Work
Containers are not magic. Docker and Kubernetes rely on two Linux kernel primitives: namespaces (isolation) and cgroups (resource limits). Understanding thes...